Micoencapsulation of bioactive plant extracts: a tool to functionalize cottage cheeses

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (fennel) and Matricaria recutita L. (chamomile) are two examples of plants with reported antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, which can be related with their composition in phenolic compounds [1,2]. Furthermore, according to previous results of our research group, the direct incorporation of the aqueous extracts showed capacity to maintain the nutritional properties of the cottage cheeses, up to 7 days of storage, while improving the antioxidant potential. However, after 14 days, a decrease in the antioxidant properties was observed [1,2], which can be related with factors such as light, moisture, temperature and pH, that can cause bioactive compounds degradation. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to prepare microcapsules with the aqueous extracts of fennel and chamomile for incorporation in cottage cheese samples, in order to protect the bioactive molecules present in the extracts, such as phenolic compounds, and prevent the decrease of the antioxidant activity observed after the 14 days period. The microspheres were prepared using an atomization/coagulation technique. Sodium alginate was used as the matrix material to produce the microspheres that were characterized through optical microscopy (OM), during and after atomization, for inspecting morphology. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) was determined by HPLC-DAD by an indirect method by analysing the coagulation solution. FTIR was also used to attest the presence of the extract inside of the alginate matrix. These microencapsulated extracts were incorporated in cottage cheese samples that were further characterized in terms of nutritional properties and antioxidant potential right after incorporation, and after 7 and 14 days of storage at 4•c. The EE was estimated as -100% and the FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of the extracts inside the microspheres. The results showed that the incorporation of the microencapsulated extracts did not cause changes in the nutritional value of cottage cheeses (through a comparison with control samples without extracts). The predominant fatty acids were palmitic (C16:0) and oleic (CI8:0) acids. The order of abundance of fatty acids was as follows: saturated fatty acids (SF A)> monounsaturatcd fatty acids (MUF A)> polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUF A). Regarding free sugars, lactose was the only sugar identified and quantified in all samples. Regarding the antioxidant activity, the samples functionalized with the microencapsulated extracts showed a higher preservation of this property even after the 7th day of storage. Overall, the incorporation of the protected plant extracts in dairy foods can be a strategy to provide health benefits to consumers.

Perfil cromatográfico de ácidos gordos e açúcares em requeijões funcionalizados com extratos de plantas livres e microencapsulados

Atualmente existe um grande interesse da indústria alimentar pela utilização de extratos e produtos naturais em substituição de aditivos sintéticos, por conterem ou serem substâncias biologicamente ativas, nomeadamente do ponto de vista antioxidante [1]. Alguns estudos anteriores da nossa equipa de investigação revelaram que a incorporação de extratos de Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (funcho) e Matricaria recutita L. (camomila) em amostras de requeijão, conferia-lhes propriedades antioxidantes, para além de manterem o seu valor nutricional [2;3]. No entanto, verificou-se que este efeito era limitado a 7 dias. Assim, para prolongar a referida bioatividade, os extratos aquosos das plantas mencionadas foram microencapsulados em matriz de alginato e, posteriormente, incorporados em requeijões. Os produtos finais foram analisados cromatograficamente em termos de ácidos gordos (GC-FID) e açúcares livres (HPLC-RI). As amostras de requeijão contendo os extratos microencapsulados e livres foram comparadas com os requeijões controlo (sem qualquer extrato). Os resultados obtidos revelaram que a incorporação dos extratos não provocou alterações nas características nutricionais dos requeijões. Em todas as amostras, os ácidos gordos predominantes foram os ácidos palmítico (C16:0) e oleico (C18:1). A ordem de abundância em ácidos gordos foi a seguinte: ácidos gordos saturados > ácidos gordos monoinsaturados >ácidos gordos polinsaturados. A lactose foi o único açúcar livre identificado e quantificado em todas as amostras. Adicionalmente, as amostras funcionalizados com extratos microencapsulados apresentaram maior preservação da atividade antioxidante após o sétimo dia.